This page of elephant facts will teach you everything you need to know about these wonderful creatures.
Elephants are one of the world's most magnificent animals
because of both their size and their intelligence. Elephants are the heaviest
land mammals that walk the Earth today.
This page contains a huge variety of
weird and fascinating elephant facts, including explanations of the differences
between elephants species, what elephants eat, and how an elephant's brain and
senses work.
The pictures and facts here are perfect for use in a school project
on elephants. It may surprise you to learn how much elephants have in common
with humans!
You
can use this page Elephant Facts together with the page
Elephant Pictures, where you will find lots
of beautiful pictures of Indian elephants and African elephants, and the page
Elephant Clip art, with elephant drawings and elephant images.
Let's start by answering some of the most basic questions about elephants.
ñ Elephant Facts, #2: How tall are elephants? Male elephants can grow to around 11-13 feet tall (about 3.3-4 meters)
ñ Elephant Facts, #3: How much do elephants weigh? Usually between 7,000 and 13,000 pounds (that's between about 3200 and 6000 kilograms, or roughly 3 to 6 metric tons)
One of the most unique
features of the elephant is the trunk. The elephant's trunk is
'prehensile' – which means it's full of muscles which allow the
elephant to control the trunk quite precisely and use it to pick
things up, the same way a monkey can use its tail to hold onto a
branch.
The elephant doesn't drink with the trunk, but with the mouth. It uses the trunk to feed the water to the mouth.
Elephants are very smart and very social creatures. Studies of elephants have even shown a strange tendency to pick up and hold the tusks of dead elephants they find. No one has yet managed to figure out why they do this.
The elephant's beautiful
tusks are made of ivory. Unfortunately the human lust for ivory has
been a big part of the huge decline in elephant numbers over the
last several hundred years.
There's a common saying
about having a “memory like an elephant” - used to describe someone
who never forgets.
The elephant's amazing memory is just one example
of the impressive brain this animal has.
Of course, the idea that “elephants never forget” is not exactly true, but scientists observing elephants have found that they do indeed have incredible long term memories for things like the location of watering holes and food sources.
As well as being the largest land mammal alive today, elephants have the biggest brains of any mammal by mass, with an adult elephant brain weighing on average around 10.5 pounds (4.7 kilograms). The human brain, by comparison, weighs about 3 pounds or 1.3 kilograms.
Elephants also have an excellent sense of smell
Elephants, like humans
and many other mammals, are social animals. They move together
in herds and they have a complex social structure that rules
their behavior.
They also show signs of complex emotions,
being inclined to touching one another, rubbing their bodies
together and 'holding hands' with their trunks.
Elephants also have
some interesting behavior when it comes to raising their
young.
Baby elephants aren't only fed by their mother –
sometimes they'll be nursed by another female elephant in the
herd or by more than one other elephant.
Like humans,
elephants need a lot of time to learn the life skills they
need to be independent of their parents (unlike many birds,
for instance, who are 'on their own' as soon as they hatch).
A
young elephant usually won't be fully weaned from its mother
until around 4-5 years of age.
Each herd of elephants
is usually led by an older female, with a few tight family
groups making up the herd.
They communicate with
each other mainly through low-pitched noises, and even
with a low-frequency hum that the human ear cannot capture.
This is one
thing elephants seem to have in common with whales – just as
every individual whale has its own distinct call or song, each
elephant can be recognized by its own individual 'voice.'
Their ability to hear these sounds allows them to communicate
with each other over distances of up to six miles.
Elephant researchers
have also taken note of the elephant's interesting behavior
when it comes to looking after the old and sick within a herd.
Elephants look after and protect their most vulnerable herd
members and even appear to mourn their loss when one of their
herd members dies.
Elephants have even been known to use their
trunks to help pull other elephants out of mud.
Elephants even appear
to have their own rituals for greeting each other.
This is
particularly true for greeting other elephants they haven't
seen for some time – which illustrates again the power of the
elephant's memory.
Another odd elephant behavior which is often seen is the way elephants will wave their trunks around, held high in the air. This helps them use their excellent sense of smell to pick up scents over even longer distances.
The typical elephant habitat includes access to plenty of fresh water as well as plenty of grass for grazing. Being such huge animals, elephants need a plentiful food supply.
The habitat of the elephant differs along with the regions
in the world where they are found. In Africa, the elephant
lives both in the bush and in the forest (some people classify
these as two different species, as explained below).
In Asia
and India, elephants live primarily in jungle and tropical
forest areas although some are found in highly-elevated,
mountainous regions such as the Himalayas.
Elephant herds are capable of migrating long distance to find 'greener pastures' when the dry season sets in. Some elephant herds have been observed making migrations of over 65 miles (over 100 kilometers – a long way to walk!).
Habitat destruction by human activities like logging have been a huge problem for these animals for many decades.
The answer to this question depends who you're asking, as
there's a bit of a disagreement between some scientists about
how many species there are.
There are three main types of elephants: the African forest elephant, the African bush elephant and the Indian elephant (also called the Asian elephant).
Naturally some people classify the two African
types as being the same, which is why the answer to the
question of how many living species of elephant there are is
usually given as two.
While many people still refer to the
'African elephant' in general, there has now been a genetic
study done which proved the African bush elephant and the
African forest elephant are genetically different enough to be
different species.
So technically there are three elephant species, but the two African species are so similar they are very hard to tell apart.
You may also hear reference to the Sumatran elephant and
the Sri Lankan elephant.
While elephants are found in these
regions, they are technically the same species as the Indian
or Asian elephant found throughout India, China and the
Himalayas.
There's a lot more to
separate the Indian and African elephants than just where they
live.
Here are a few of the major differences between the two
elephant types:
The African elephant
is bigger, with adult males growing up to around 4 meters tall
(about 13 feet). Indian elephants on the other hand only grow
to around 3.5 meters tops.
African elephants tend to have
more ribs than Indian elephants. I say 'tend to' because the
exact number of ribs is not always the same between each
elephant, but the typical African elephant has 42 ribs whereas
the typical Indian elephant has only 40.
African versus Indian elephants |
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At the moment, there
are still roughly 500,000 African elephants roaming the
grasslands and the Savannah.
This is a large enough number for
them to sustain their population quite easily, but the risk of
poachers is always present.
In Asia, the situation
for elephants is much more gloomy.
It's estimated that there
are now only about 30,000 Indian elephants left in the wild,
possibly a lot less than that.
The elephants on the island of
Borneo in Indonesia are in grave danger of disappearing, with
only roughly 1000 elephants still living on the island.
Elephants are herbivores – in other words, they don't eat
any meat, only vegetation.
That vegetation is usually grass,
although elephants are also capable of eating and digesting a
wide variety of leaves and other plant life.
Elephants drink a lot. How much is a lot? Well, in a
typical day a fully grown elephant will drink between 35 and
50 gallons of water – about 130 to 190 liters!
So now you
understand why its so important for elephants to remember
exactly where the best water sources are.
Elephants also tend to eat roughly 5% of their body weight
each day.
When you consider that an elephant can weigh up to 6
and a half metric tons, that amounts to a lot of grass!
An
elephant that weighs 10,000 pounds will eat, on average, about
500 pounds (about 230 kilograms) every single day! The largest
males will eat even more than that.
Contrary to what many people think, elephants don't
actually 'drink' through their trunk like it's some kind of
giant straw. They have to drink through their mouths.
So they
use the muscles in their trunk to suck water up into it – then
they pour the water into their own mouths.
But even elephants can become a target for some of the world's
most famous predators: the big cats, especially lions, have
been known to take down elephants occasionally. Because lions
hunt in packs, they are able to use numbers to overwhelm a
sick or weak elephant.
Usually predators target baby elephants
because they're a lot slower and less able to protect
themselves than adults, but the herd protection instinct
always kicks in when elephants are under attack – adult
elephants will put themselves in harm's way to defend their
young from attacking lions.
Other big cats, like leopards, have been known to attack young
elephants – but this is very uncommon.
Leopards are not pack
hunters, so they don't have the advantage of numbers that
lions use to take on elephants. This makes it extremely risky
for a leopard to try and attack an elephant.
However, a young
elephant which has been separated from its herd can become a
target for a leopard, or even for a pack of hyenas. Again,
hyenas won't usually risk trying to attack a full elephant
herd because of the high chance of getting injured by an adult
elephant.
But unfortunately, the biggest threat to elephants is the
human species itself.
Poachers have long been a big reason for
the decline in elephant numbers, along with the destruction of
native elephant habitat.
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Elephant tusks confiscated in Copenhagen Airport. |
The problem has become so bad that there are actually very few elephants these days living outside of parks protected by law and policed by wildlife rangers to stop poachers.
There are many reasons elephants have been hunted so much over
the years.
They have been a source of food for local African
people for a long time – the ability to use weapons for
hunting has made humans the biggest threat to the elephant
because it has let people overcome the size difference and
attack from a distance.
Ivory from the elephant's tusks has been another big reason for hunting, white ivory being nicknamed 'white gold' because of its extremely high value.
Sadly, there are still even people who hunt elephants just for sport, without any real reason.
The elephant's beautiful tusks are what have made it such a common target for poachers. Ivory has been used over the years for a wide number of products – even piano keys.
The elephant uses its tusks for a few different purposes.
Obviously, they can be used as weapons to defend themselves
against attacks from predators, as well as being used to fight
off attacks from other elephants.
But there are other uses you
might not have expected for tusks... like acting as a
trunk-rest!
Yes, elephants do need to rest their trunks from
time to time, and sometimes they do that by draping the trunk
over a tusk. This may sound strange, but remember the trunk is
full of muscles so it does get tired at times.
Elephants also use their tusks to knock down trees.
If an
elephant finds a tree with edible leaves that are too high to
reach with its trunk, it will use its tusks to try and ram the
tree until it tilts or falls right over. (An elephant can also
use its trunk to pull a branch off a tree, to make it easier
to eat the leaves).
As I already mentioned, it's actually female elephants who
lead the herd. A male adult elephant is called a 'bull' and an
adult female is called a 'cow.' The female who leads the herd
is called the 'matriarch.'
Elephants do not give birth to a 'litter' of offspring like
other mammals such as cats and dogs.
Like humans, in the
majority of cases females will only give birth to one calf at
a time. In some cases elephant twins are known to occur, but
these are quite rare.
Male elephants lead quite different social lives from females. While the female elephants spend their entire lives very much focused on the herd, males become more and more solitary as they grow older.
At around 14 or 15 years of age a bull
elephant will leave his herd altogether.
Older males then live
out the rest of their lives moving between herds to mate when
they have a chance.
Occasionally a 'bachelor herd' of two or
more males will form.
Females also tend to be less aggressive with each other than males do. As with a normal elephant herd, these all-male bachelor herds have a hierarchy and are led by the most dominant male in the group, who is often the oldest.
For the most part male herds stay fairly small, between 2 and 15 in number – but there have been recorded cases of over 100 elephant bulls together in a single herd.
Scientists who have studied fossils from around the world have put together a fascinating picture of the huge variety of elephants and elephant relatives that used to wander the earth.
The Woolly Mammoth is the most famous of these, which died out in most past of the world during the last Ice Age around 10,000 years ago – although living Woolly Mammoths still roamed an island near Siberia as recently as 4,000 years ago.
The name 'mammoth' is a little bit misleading – most people
think these mammals were a lot larger than the elephants we
see today.
This is not actually true – the average Woolly Mammoth was only about 9 feet tall, making it shorter than both the African and Indian elephants of today.
There's
another mistaken idea out there that our elephants evolved
from the Woolly Mammoth. Again, this isn't true – both our
modern elephants and the Woolly Mammoth evolved from the same
ancestor somewhere in the past.
Today's elephants simply
survived into modern times because they live close to the
equator, so they weren't affected as much by the sudden
temperature changes in the Ice Age as the Woolly Mammoth,
which lived in cold northern areas like Siberia.
Now, I mentioned the Woolly Mammoth wasn't bigger than today's
elephants, but here's something else many people don't know:
there was more than one type of Mammoth wandering the Earth
until not that long ago.
One of these was the River Mammoth of
China, which weighed in at around 15 metric tons – that's
about 33,000 pounds!
Here's another fun fact about Woolly Mammoths: unlike elephants, they had a lump of fat just behind their heads so they could store energy for times when no food was available. This was like the humps we see on the backs of camels today, which help camels survive in the desert.
One of the most interesting things about the Woolly Mammoths was the size of their tusks. Some Woolly Mammoth fossils have been discovered with tusks up to 15 feet long.
But scientists who have gone even further back in the fossil records have found some even more fascinating and surprising facts. For example, it's been discovered the the elephant and one of the world's most bizarre underwater mammals, the dugong, share a common ancestor.
#1: An elephant's tusks never stop
growing.
#2: Elephants eat so much they
barely have time for anything else – even sleeping. They spend
up to 18 hours each day eating and looking for their next
meal.
#3: Female elephants are capable
of having babies up to about fifty years of age.
#4: The trunk is actually a nose and top lip
fused together and can grow up to 7 feet (2 meters) long on
African elephants.
#5: As well as using
their trunks to pick things up, show affection and drink, they
also use them to keep themselves cool by spraying a jet of
water into the air over their heads.
#6: Elephants are very good swimmers, and they can even
breathe with their heads underwater by holding the tip of
their trunks up.
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